The key to saving water and energy in the distribution system is to reduce the time it takes hot water to be delivered to fittings and appliances. Insulating hot water pipes minimizes heat loss through the delivery system (the temperature loss over 30.5 metres [100 feet] of uninsulated pipe is about 2.8°C/5°F). It also increases the time pipes stay hot between uses: RSI-0.7 (R-4) insulation doubles cool-down time in the case of a 12.7-mm (½-in.) pipe and triples it in the case of a 19-mm (¾-in.) pipe. Insulating cold water pipes also discourages condensation from forming, which helps to prevent moisture damage, mould growth and corrosion. Another way to be more energy-efficient is to maintain the water heaters temperature at the factory setting of 60°C/140°F. This is the minimum temperature recommended by the World Health Organization to prevent legionella (a potentially dangerous bacterium) from growing in the tank. Although there is some risk of scalding at this temperature, this can be managed with proper placement of mixing valves to limit the temperature of the water delivered to faucets, tubs and showers.
For this reason, the National Plumbing Code requires a maximum temperature of 49°C/120°F at shower and bathtub fixtures. Characteristics of an efficient distribution system include:
- The shortest buildable trunk line;
- The shortest buildable branches;
- The fewest plumbing restrictions;
- The smallest diameter of pipe practical;
- Stacked bathrooms and kitchen;
- No pipes installed on exterior walls; and minimum rsi- 0.7 (r-4) insulation on all hot water pipes.
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